托福阅读复杂长难句式解读6篇托福阅读长难句分析汇总

时间：2022-10-14 12:01:00 综合范文

　　下面是范文网小编分享的托福阅读复杂长难句式解读6篇托福阅读长难句分析汇总，供大家参考。

托福阅读复杂长难句式解读1

　　雅思阅读复杂句在文章中十分常见，阅读文章长，句型结构复杂，一句话三四行，主干看不清，句子读不懂。从雅思阅读文章中可以看出复杂句的两个特点：

(1) 雅思阅读句子较长，大多数句子都在20个词以上，很多句子超过50个词。

(2) 雅思阅读文章句型结构复杂，结构复杂的简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句、多重复合句、被动句、倒装句、插入语等句型使用频繁。

　　这些复杂句造成同学们理解上的困难，由于句型在雅思阅读的文章中比较普遍，因此考前熟悉它们非常必要。具体而言，按时间要求做完一套阅读题后，要从中挑一些又长有复杂的句子加以分析，学会抓主干。这样，雅思阅读做题过程中速度和标准率就会提高。

　　句子结构分析的关键之一是抓主干。对于复合句，抓主句;对于主句或比较复杂的简单主语和谓语。抓主干，抓主句的主要意思，而对修饰成分先不特别注意，这是提高阅读速度的一个重要方法。

　　下面看到一些较难的句子及其结构分析、中文译文。大家在看这些句子的中文译文的时候会发现这些译文并没有用标准的书面语言，而是按照英文的结构来翻译的，因此有些翻译会显得生硬，但它与其英文原文结构一致，这样是为了更有助于同学们理解英文原句的句子结构。

　　一.结构复杂的简单句

　　如果句子只包含一个主谓结构，而句子各个成分都只由单词或短语表示，它就是简单句(不管句子是长是短)。

　　有的简单句并不简单，也很长，复杂的简单句包括：

(1)分词及分词短语做定语、状语

(2)动名词及动名词短语做主语、表语、宾语

(3)不定式及不定式短语做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语

(4)形容词短语做后置定语

　　1.to resolve a dispute means to turn opposing positions into single outcome

　　中文译文：解决一个冲突意味着把相反的各方变成一个单一的结果。

　　结构分析：不定式短语to resolve a dispute 做主语，谓语是means，不定式短语to turn opposing a positions into a single outcome 做宾语，其中分词opposing 是positions 的定语。

　　2. reconciling such interests is not easy

　　中文译文：调和这种利益是不容易的。

　　结构分析：动名词短语reconciling such interests 做主语。动名词短语做主语，谓语一般用单数。

　　3. it involves probing for deeply rooted concerns， devising creative solutions，and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed

　　中文译文：它涉及到探究深层次的关注，想出有创造性的解决方案，以及当利益矛盾时，做出交易和妥协。

　　结构分析：这是一个简单句。主语是it，谓语是involves，三个动名词短语做宾语(属于平行结构)。在阅读中经常出现“a and b”或“a or b”的形式，其中a 与b 同义或近义，所以只要认识其中一个词就能猜测出另一个词的大致意思。例如：trade-off and compromises。

　　4. the most common procedure for doing this is negotiation，the act of communication intended to reach agreement

　　中文译文：做这件事最常用的方法是谈判，一种想要达成一致的交流的行为。

　　结构分析：过去分词短语intended to reach agreement 是the act of communication 的后置定语，the act of communication intended to reach agreement 是的同位语，对negotiation 进行解释。

　　5. in other words，seeing large pupils gives rise to larger pupils

　　中文译文：换句话说，看大的瞳孔会引起更大的瞳孔。

　　结构分析：动名词短语做seeing large pupils 主语。

　　6. yet ， a father accepting responsibility for behavior problems is linked with positive outcomes

　　中文译文：一个为行为问题负责的父亲是和正面的结果相联系的。

　　结构分析：accepting responsibility for behavior problems 是现在分词短语做father 的后置定语

托福阅读复杂长难句式解读2

　　托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂?来学习一下这11个经典难句翻译找感觉

　　1. Accordingto conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy andserves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeperbreathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallowbreathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.

【译文】根据传统的理论，当人们无聊或者困倦的时候，打哈欠会出现。打哈欠通过深呼吸来逆转血液中氧含量的降低，从而的起到提高警觉的功能。而血液中氧含量的降低是由浅呼吸导致的，而浅呼吸又伴随着缺觉或无聊。

　　2. The keyfactor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, whichcontributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division oflabor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas ofspecialization in international markets for which they were especially wellsuited.

【译文】这些国家成功的关键因素(促成这个因素的是高识字率)是他们有能力适应由早期的工业化国家决定的劳动力国际分工并占领了他们特别适合的国际市场中的专业化领域。

　　3. In the second case, pollinators(insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has itspollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would beif they were carried by the wind only.

【译文】在第二个案例中，传粉者(昆虫和鸟)从开花植物中获取食物，而植物也使得它们的花粉和种子相比于只通过风传播的更加高效。

　　4. In the green-to yellow lightingconditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be thebrightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not bevery visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenishbackground.

【译文】在森林最底层的黄绿管线条件下，黄和率可能是最亮的颜色，但是，当动物在发信号的时候，如果该动物处于黄绿背景下，这些颜色就不太明显了。

　　5. In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vesselscarrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warmblood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus,the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before itreaches the flipper itself.

【译文】在逆流交换系统中，来自于脚蹼的携带冷血的血管接近来自身体的携带热血的血管来从较热的血管中获得热量;因此，在达到脚蹼前，热量从向外流的血管中转移到了向内流的血管中。

　　6. American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski,who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest thatepisodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximatelyevery 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period.

【译文】美国古生物学家D.R.和J.S，他们已经很多化石群的灭绝速率，指出，越来越多的灭绝是周期性重复出现的，从白垩纪中期开始，周期大约是没二百六十万年一次。

　　7. As amongtribes people, personal relationships and a careful weighing of character havealways been crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation, where one'sword is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together aninternational trade network.

【译文】在部落人中，人际关系和对品德仔细的考量在一个几乎没有规范的重商主义经济中一直都很重要。而在没有规范的重商主义经济中，一个的话语就是一个人的保证，非正式的信任纽带将国际贸易网络年合起来。

　　8. The explanation is that the Mayaexcavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged upleaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order tocreate reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basinsand stored it for use in the dry season.

【译文】解释是，玛雅人挖掘了大坑或者将天然的大坑修改，然后又通过把大坑的底部抹上灰泥把卡斯特地貌上的漏洞堵上，来制造蓄水池，这样，就能从巨大的被灰泥堵住的蓄水池中收集雨水并储存起来在干季时使用。

　　9. Inequalitiesof gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to havebeen softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in mostcommunities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skillsof men, including, often, their military skills.

【译文】性别的不平等也存在于畜牧社会中，但是，由于大部分社群中没有出现森严的财富等级，而且需要女性具备大多数男性的技巧，诸如军技巧，性别不平等就被软化了。

　　10. Ramsay thenstudied a gas that was present in natural gas deposits and discovered that itwas helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been noted earlier in thespectrum of sunlight but that had notpreviously been known on Earth.

【译文】拉姆齐(Ramsay)研究了一种存在于天然气中的气体，并发现是氦气(helium)，该元素早就在太阳里通过太阳光光谱被发现了，但是还从来没有在地球上被发现过。

　　11. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the neweconomies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'AinGhazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks ofabrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domesticstock.

【译文】很多复杂的因素导致了新经济的采用，不仅出现在AbuHureyra，很多其他的地方也有，比如说'AinGhaza,也就是叙利亚，在那里，山羊脚趾的骨头显示有脚被绑住造成的磨损痕迹，这证实了早期的家畜蓄养。

　　托福阅读真题回忆

　　Passage One

　　学科分类：地质

　　题目：洋流的变化对全球温度的影响

　　内容回忆：

　　首段：调节全球温度的洋流主要通过水流温度，海洋浓度等方式。

　　第二段：Gulf Stream 原本可以将大量的暖流注入到南大西洋，但是随着温室效应，温度产生相反的效果。

　　第三段：大量冰川淡水涌入洋流中，导致温度降低，就会造成类似1863年英国的寒潮侵袭。

　　第四段：与此同时其他洋流的流向也极大程度上加速了全球变暖的趋势，这是一个恶性循环。

　　词汇题：

　　elaborate=complex

　　Passage Two

　　学科分类：历史

　　题目：奥古斯丁时代罗马帝国的城市发展

　　内容回忆：

　　首段说明奥古斯丁时代罗马帝国的发展概况。

　　第二段说明，城市的发展是因为大量的农民在城市中经商，并且带动城市周围发展。

　　第三段说明有一些农民为了寻求更好的生活，从农村移居到城市，而城市里原本那些商人担任了城市政府的职能。

　　第四段说明因为贸易的增加，一些沿岸港口城市发展特别快，相反一些内陆的老城开始逐渐衰败。

　　词汇题待补充

　　Passage Three

　　学科分类：天文

　　题目：宇宙的形式

　　内容回忆：

　　首段说明宇宙形成学说有非常多种。

　　第二段：在过去人们没有停止对太空起源的探索，但大多数从哲学角度分析。

　　第三段：宇宙爆炸学说是当前人类接受度最高的一种。

　　第四段，第四段大量物质和尘埃的形成能解释大多数天体运动现象，但是依然有部分时间现象无法解释。

　　词汇题：

　　considerable= a large mount of

　　托福阅读：句子简化题的步骤

　　1、找原句逻辑：

　　找逻辑连接词词，常见逻辑连接词：

　　转折：but, however, yet, nevertheless

　　让步：although，though，even though， despite，in spite of

　　比较对比：more/less than, as…as , while, whereas, unlike

　　条件：if, only if, except, unless, provide that, as long as

　　因果： because (of) ,since, as, why, for, therefore, hence, thus, consequently, lead to, as a result (of),result in, result from, reason, A contribute to B, attribute/ascribe A to B, explain, come from, so A that B,A be responsible for B

　　2、找原句主干：

　　谁做什么，谁是什么 (一般删掉修饰语:定语从句，介词短语结构，时间地点状语)。

　　注意：若两个句子有对比关系，因为两个分句中被比较的事物本质可能都差不多，所以表修饰的定语从句才是关键，这时候定语时关键。

　　3、对比选项选答案：

　　排除有明显与主要信息矛盾的选项了，排除无中生有的逻辑。

　　除了以上提到的托福阅读句子简化题答题技巧外，解答托福阅读句子简化题一定要掌握好语法，希望大家在接下来的备考环节能够熟练应用以上技巧。

托福阅读复杂长难句式解读3

　　托福听力出现复杂句式如何秒懂?5个实例具体分析重点要点

　　1)反问句

　　Isn’t that just for when you need help with writing/, like an essay or research paper? (TPO24-C2)

　　同学们一听就会知道是个问句，以及会听到writing、research paper这些词，但会感觉开头有点快，这一点主要因为发音快导致不易辨认清楚。本句其实是Isn’t just for sth.这种反问句句式，在听的方面主要是区分isn’t that和is that的发音;在理解上就要注意反问句所表达的偏强调的意思。

　　2)强调句

　　But actually, it was a physicist/ who came up with a method that was a breakthrough. (TPO15-L3)

　　这句话较简单，主要是同学们容易听懂了仍然不清楚这是强调句型it was sb. who…，而这个句型基本上是初中语法知识，但你看，作为用得少的典范，就容易反应不出，即使它再简单。

　　3)插入语

　　So the original hypothesis/ that the stones found with sauropods were gastroliths/, even though it hasn’t been supported/, has helped us to make new hypothesis/, which may eventually lead to the answer. (TPO27-L3)

　　这句话比刚才的难度要大，首先要判断出that引出同位语，指hypothesis，所以从the original hypothesis到gastroliths是主语，根据我们上一期文章提到的抓“核心主谓宾”的方法，要有意识抓谓语动词。接着听到even though，这个时候就要召唤语法预判能力了，因为even though固定搭配“虽然…但是…/即使…也…”，所以even though引导的都是让步从句，我们仍然要抓主句，也就继续等待刚才“the original hypothesis…gastroliths”主语部分之后的谓语动词出现，此后我们听到has helped…确定谓语动词。到此为止，主干部分已经清楚So the original hypothesis…has helped us to make new hypothesis。最后which引导定语从句修饰new hypothesis，较简单。

　　另外本句要注意听出hasn’t been supported, has helped的否定和肯定，否则逻辑仍会混乱。本句语法成分较多：同位语，插入语，定语从句，但相对最难的是插入语。

　　4)被动句

　　It was presented in the works of well-known Greek philosophers/ as early as the fourth century B.C.E. (TPO21-L1)

　　本句如果第一遍没听懂，则要在精听中的第二遍听主干，也就是核心主谓宾：It was presented…再在第三遍抓里面的细节，也就是其他介词引导的部分;其中注意连读works of，as early as;本句为大家也用得相对较少的被动句句式。

　　5)倒装句

　　Only after the site at Gonur-depe was excavated/ were archaeologists able to identify it/ as coming from Gonur-depe. (TPO28-L4)

　　本句首先听听前半部分有明显的停顿were，那么迅速判断only after…were是明显的倒装句。事实上本句很多同学看都不一定看得懂，这就考查语法功底的扎实程度了。

　　托福听力练习：蛋白质测试补充DNA分析

　　DNA analysis is a staple of crime scenes—and crime shows, like HBO's The Night of or the old standby, CSI:

“We just need to get this to the DNA lab, confirm it's the victim's blood. And then, case closed.”

　　And it's not just for crime: DNA sequencing also helps determine our relationship to Neandertals, and our primate cousins.

　　Problem is, DNA's a relatively fragile molecule—it doesn't last forever. What's more sturdy is protein. So now researchers have come up with a way to use protein in a similar way to DNA: to link an individual to a piece of evidence or to determine ethnic background.

　　The protein source these scientists studied was human hair, from 76 individuals of European-American, African-American and Kenyan descent. And they determined that the variation of a couple hundred proteins in a person's hair could be enough to single her out from a group of one million individuals.

　　The way it works is that proteins are made according to the instructions in DNA. So one individual's genetic variations can result in slightly different proteins being made, compared to another individual. And by determining the protein composition, the scientists can then extrapolate info about the DNA. The results are in the journal PLoS ONE.

　　The researchers say the technique still is not ready for prime-time—ideally the process needs to be more sensitive, to avoid consuming valuable crime scene or archaeological samples in the analysis. And the statistics behind the technique need to be validated, too. But someday, they say, it could come within a hair of DNA analysis.

　　DNA分析是犯罪现场和犯罪片采用的主要方法，就像家庭影院频道(HBO)的电视剧《罪恶之夜》和老牌美剧《犯罪现场调查》中经常出现的场面。

“我们只需要将这个送到DNA实验室，确认这是受害者的血迹。然后就可以结案了。”

　　但是，DNA分析不仅仅只是用于犯罪调查，DNA序列还可以帮助确定我们与尼恩特人以及与灵长类动物的关系。

　　问题是，DNA是一个相对脆弱的分子，其并不会永远存在。更加坚固的是蛋白质。所以现在研究人员提出了一种利用蛋白质的新方法，该种方法与DNA的使用方法非常相似：将个体同证据联系起来，或是确定种族背景。

　　这些科学家研究的蛋白质来自人类的头发，这些头发采集自欧裔美国人、非洲裔美国人以及肯尼亚的76个个体。科学家发现，一个人头发中数百个蛋白质的变化足以将该个体与其他100百万个个体相区分。

　　这种方法就是根据DNA的指令来操作蛋白质。所以，与其他个体相比较，一个个体的基因变异会产生略有不同的蛋白质。通过确定蛋白质的组成，科学家可以推断出DNA的信息。这项研究结果发表在《公共科学图书馆·综合》杂志上。

　　研究人员表示，这项技术尚未成熟，在理想情况下，该过程需要更加的谨慎，以避免在分析中浪费宝贵的犯现场或其他考古样本。另外，该技术的支持数据也还需要验证。但是，科学家表示，有朝一日可以实现通过头发来验证DNA。

　　重点讲解：

　　1. come up with 想出，提出(计划、想法等);

　　例句：I had a hard time trying to come up with an idea.

　　为了想出主意我苦思了半天。

　　2. single out 单独挑出;特别选出;

　　例句：He was singled out for special training.

　　他被选拨出来接受专门训练。

　　3. according to 依据，根据，依照 (原则等);

　　例句：He ranged the books according to size.

　　他照大小顺序排列这些书。

　　4. result in 导致;引起;造成;

　　例句：It resulted in a diminished output.

　　这导致了减产。

　　5. compared to 与…相比;和…比起来;

　　例句：The cost is just peanuts compared to what you get from the money.

　　和你投资所获得的利益相比，这点成本就不算什么。

　　2020托福听力练习：鲨鱼体内含毒素或威胁类

　　Living at the top of the food chain, sharks can accumulate dangerous levels of methylmercury. So much that pregnant women and children are advised not to eat shark at all. But sharks can accumulate another toxin too, called BMAA, which has been linked to the development of neurodegenerative disease. Which could be bad news for shark eaters.

“Mercury in combination with BMAA is a one-two punch.” Deborah Mash, a professor of neurology at the University of Miami's Miller School of Medicine. “These are two synergistic toxins. So even if there are low levels of exposure from the mercury or the BMAA, when humans are exposed to both of these toxins, then they will have a synergistic effect on the nervous system.”

　　BMAA starts out in cyanobacteria, and travels up the food chain through crabs and shrimp and fish. And, as previous studies have shown, makes all the way to sharks. What Mash and her colleagues wanted to know was how widespread the problem was, and if the chemical often appeared alongside mercury. So they analyzed fin and muscle samples from 10 species of shark—55 individuals in all—from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. And they found BMAA and mercury in all 10 species. Suggesting that exposure to that “one-two punch” could be pretty common. The results are in the journal Toxins.

　　It's still not clear at this point what sort of risk this occasional exposure through food might have. Still, Mash isn't waiting.

“I myself would not want to be exposed to BMAA or methyl mercury in my diet by eating shark fin or shark meat or taking shark cartilage products. We already know that mercury is toxic to our health. And we already know that BMAA plus mercury is a very bad mix for the brain. So people need to be concerned, and I think that's not only for the benefit of us as consumers, but also to the poor sharks, who are threatened with extinction.”

　　conservationists have argued for years that sharks should be spared. Maybe now that it's us who are threatened... people might finally start to leave them alone.

　　因为生活在食物链的顶端，所以鲨鱼可以积累达到危险水平的汞。因为鲨鱼体内的汞含量非常高，所以建议孕妇和儿童不要吃鲨鱼。但是，鲨鱼还能积累另外一种毒素——BMAA，这种毒素与神经退行性疾病的发展有关。这对爱吃鲨鱼的人来说可是个坏消息。

“汞和BMAA的结合可谓是双重重击。”黛博拉·马许是迈阿密大学米勒医学院的神经学教授。“这是两种协同作用的毒素。即使汞或者BMAA的含量很低，但是只要人类接触到这两种毒素，它们就会对人的神经系统产生协同效应。”

　　BMAA最初存在于蓝藻中，之后通过螃蟹、虾类和鱼类进入食物链上层。此前的研究已经表明，BMAA最后进入鲨鱼体内。马许和她的同事们想知道，如果这种化学物质经常和汞一起出现，那这个问题的普遍性有多大。所以，他们从太平洋和大西洋的55只鲨鱼中提取分析了10种鲨鱼的鳍和肌肉样本。在这10种鲨鱼中，均发现了BMAA和汞。这表明，这两种毒素的结合非常普遍。该研究结果发表在《毒素》杂志上。

　　目前尚不清楚通过食物接触这些毒素会产生何种风险。但是马许并没有坐等结果。

“我不想因为吃鱼翅、鲨鱼肉或服用鲨鱼软骨制品而在饮食中接触到BMAA或甲基汞。我们已经知道汞危害我们的健康。我们也知道BMAA和汞结合会对我们的大脑造成更严重的危害。所以，我认为人们担心的不应该仅仅是我们作为消费者的利益，同时也要担心濒临灭绝的可怜的鲨鱼。”

　　多年来，环保人士一直认为应该保护鲨鱼。也许现在受到威胁的是我们人类……所以，现在人们可能不会再去管它们了。

　　重点讲解：

　　1. even if 即使;尽管;纵然;

　　例句：They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed.

　　即使你不成功他们也会支持你。

　　2. be exposed to 使暴露于(险境);使遭受(危险或不快);

　　例句：Women who are exposed to mercury, cadmium, or vinyl chloride before conceiving seem to be especially likely to have autistic kids.

　　女性在怀孕期间接触汞、镉或氯乙烯很有可能会生出自闭症患儿。

　　3. start out 起初是…;

　　例句：He started out to fix the car himself, but in the end, he had to ask for help.

　　起初他本打算自己修车，可最后他还是不得不请人帮忙。

　　4. leave alone 听…自便;随…去;不打扰;

　　例句：Some people need to confront a traumatic past; others find it better to leave it alone.

　　有人需要直面过去的创伤，有人则觉得不去想它为妙。

托福阅读复杂长难句式解读4

　　被动句

　　被动语态由助动词be 加过去分词构成，时态通过be 表现出来。

　　1. therefore，like the timber barriers，the fanwall barrier can built without expensive concrete footings or piles，speeding the construction time up and reducing costs

　　中文译文：因此，像木屏障一样，屏障的建造不需要昂贵的混凝土地基，加快了建造时间，降低了费用。

　　Be 结构分析：can be built 是被动语态，like the timber barriers 是介词短语做状语，speeding the construction time up and reducing costs 是分词短语做状语。

托福阅读复杂长难句式解读5

　　例1

　　Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (Ir) it contained.

　　句子成分分析：Scientists 做主语，felt 谓语动词，that从句做宾语。and并列连接词，and 后面的they 代指scientists. 整个句子是由and 连接的并列句。

　　例子翻译：科学家们感到他们通过确定一厘米厚的粘土的沉积时间可以能够知道灭绝的时间，并且科学家们认为沉积粘土的时间可以通过确定粘土中含lr这种元素的量来获得。

　　下面简单介绍下宾语从句。

　　宾语从句，简单来说就是做宾语的成分不是词或短语，而是一个句子，这个句子叫宾语从句。这个句子可以做动词的宾语也可以做介词的宾语。从句前还得有连接词来连接。我们熟悉的连词that、what可以充当连接词。举例来说明：

(1)动词的宾语从句

　　He told me that I had to attend the meeting.

　　他告诉我，我必须出席会议。

(2)介词的宾语从句

　　The boss was satisfied with what the young man did.

　　老板对那个年轻人干的工作很满意。

　　例2

　　Hearing the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that allow them to form memories they can access as adults.

　　托福阅读文章句子成分分析：Hearing the stories，动名词做主语，may lead 做谓语动词，that 定语从句修饰events，同时that在从句中做主语，them 指代preschoolers.最后they can access as adults.实际上是they 前面省略了that，因为that 在从句中做宾语(如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中做宾语，通常把关系代词省略掉)。省略关系代词的例句：X is a good skirt (that )I have always wanted to buy.

　　托福阅读例子翻译：听故事可能使学龄前儿童编码事件，这些事件允许他们形成记忆，这些记忆在他们成年的时候能够提取出来。

　　下面就定语从句简单说一些。

　　托福阅读高分策略提到所谓的定语从句，就是作定语的成分由词变成了句子。这个句子叫做定语从句。定语从句有两种，一种是这个从句对所修饰的词很重要，不能省略这个句子，如果省略，整个句子的意思就会受到影响，这种定语从句叫做限制性定语从句。另一种，定语从句被去掉，对整个句子的理解不会受到很大影响，句子的意思还是清楚并完整的。它起到了附加说明的作用。通常定语从句和前面的句子用逗号隔开。下面我们给两个例子大家自已体会一下：

　　Do you know the girl who is speaking with Mr. Wang?

　　Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a modern city.

　　例3

　　It is significant that the earliest living thing that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.

　　句子成分分析：it 做形式主语，that 从句做真正的主语，第二个that 引导的从句做定语从句修饰the earliest living thing , 同时that 在从句中做主语，逗号后面a phenomenon 是解释symbiosis 的，that 从句修饰 phenomenon ,同时that 做主语，and 并列连词，连接 a phenomenon 和a principle , 最后一个that 是修饰 a principle，同时 that 从句的主语。

　　例子翻译：在这些岛屿上建立群落的最早生物体是共生关系的例子，这件事是很重要的。共生关系是一种现象，这种现象依赖两个或多个生命形式的密切合作，同时共生关系也是一种原则，是在岛屿群落中很重要的原则。

　　托福阅读材料：大苹果

　　大苹果纽约

　　纽约，世界最大的城市，在这里，摩天大厦林立，有著名的第五大道(Fifth Avenue俗称第五街)、对世界经济极具影响力的华尔街Wall Street，以及艺术家们响往的格林威治村Greenwich Village。

　　帝国大厦 Empire State Building

　　长时期来象征著纽约摩天大楼的高达102层超高层大厦。顶层高度达1，250英尺(381公尺)。在第86楼上有一展望台，气候晴朗时，可以眺望周围50英里以内的景色。【托福阅读】

　　洛克斐勒中心 Rockefeller Center

　　呈现美国典型的一面，在都市建筑学方面也颇饶兴趣的商业与娱乐中心。自第49街与第50街之间，通过第五街的Promenade Gardens内，四季花草茂盛，美丽如图画，公园四周是具有代表性意义的大厦，诸如PCA Building、Radio City Music Hall,Center Theatre等。NBC与ABC的制作室就是RCA大厦的第70楼。【托福阅读】

　　自由女神 Statue of Liberty

　　世界著名的自由女神像，位于纽约湾的利勃坦岛上，像高约46公尺。自由女神像内部中空，可搭电梯直达神像头部。此外，还有新设的移民博物馆Immigration Museum。

　　联合国 the United Nations

　　纽约的历史系由曼顿产生，而现代世界史则与联合国密切相关。自第42街起直到第48街上，在广达18英亩的地基上，就兴建着著名的联合国大厦。联合国容许观光客依到达先后次序入内参观会议情形。

　　中国城 Chinatown

　　中国城已具有百年以上的历史，城内居住的华裔第二代约有六千人。中国城位于ChathamSquare的西边一部份，城中主要街道为Mott。城内有中国博物馆。大都会美术馆The Metropolitan Museum of Art乃是世界最大美术馆之一。自由代东方到现代，有关美术史的重要事项，一一呈现眼前。内中有一美国馆，可由馆中陈列品窥知初期美国人的生活状况。【托福阅读】

　　华尔街 Wall Street

　　是全球金融中心。世界最大的银行大厦，除了大通银行之外，纽约股票交易所，美国股票交易所，以及收藏1789年华盛顿就任美国第一任总统时的史迹的国立纪念馆、联邦厅等，都在这条街上。

　　太空城

　　休士顿

　　休士顿是美国的第五大都市，人类第一次登上月球的阿波罗飞船11号就在这里升空，因而使它也成为全球闻名的城镇。这一城镇是在1836年当德克萨斯州自墨西哥获得独立时，随之而诞生。

　　通往墨西哥湾的休士顿港，是美国第三大港，在那里出口的棉花和石油产品，其数量占全美第一位。

　　自从美国国家航空太空总署NASA在近郊设置太空中心以来，休士顿正在继续不断地急速发展。

　　阿斯托洛圆顶运动场 Astrodome

　　耗资3，100万美元，于1965年兴建完成的这一运动场是目前世界上最大的一座室内运动场，内部装有冷暖气设备。棒球、足球、骞马，以至于马戏团表演，都可以在室内进行。紧邻的Astro World是一个规模极大的娱乐中心，游客可以观赏欧洲各种村落的景色，也能够欣赏各类表演。

　　圣哈新托古战场 San Jacinto Battle field

　　1836年，休士顿将军为了争取德州独立，率军与墨军激战的地方。现在已成为州立公园，纪念塔高达174公尺，可乘电梯登上塔项。塔下是历史博物馆。距休士顿市约26公里。

　　美国航空太空总署太空飞行中心 NASA Manned Spacecraft

　　因阿波罗11号在此升空而全球闻名。美国国家航空太空总署NASA于1961年设立于休士顿东南方45公里处的克利阿湖畔。附近有General Electric 和International Business Machines等重要的电子工业企业，是名符其实的航空太空科学中心。

　　展览馆Exhibit Hall的一号馆中，陈列着太空飞行员使用的器具、太空食物、太空船模型、月球上采集的岩石，对一般观光客公开。

　　太空飞行中心内部极为辽阔，可在进入中心的问讯处索取地图，备作参考。太空中心内也有礼品店，出售太空船模型、月球石头模型，以及阿波罗帽等。

　　托福考试阅读材料专题训练

【Introduction】

　　根据一份今在「英国医学杂志」刊出的报告指出，母乳虽然含有丰富营养，但长期吃母奶无助於降低幼儿罹患气喘和过敏症状风险。

【Section One】Article

　　The benefits of breast-feeding are many and varied. Studies suggest that breast-fed kids are smarter, taller, thinner, healthier and less stressed than babies on bottles. Plus, breast-feeding helps moms bond with their babies and may even lower their blood pressure. So, is there anything breast milk can‘t do? Apparently, yes, according to a new study published Tuesday by BMJ Online: It doesn‘t offer infants much defense against asthma or allergies.

　　That‘s a question researchers have long debated. Until now, the evidence has been mixed: Some studies have suggested that exclusive, prolonged breast-feeding helps stave off asthma and allergies later in life; other studies have shown no protection, or even an increased risk. But most of the available data has come from observational studies. The new BMJ paper, in contrast, was a large, long-term randomized trial that involved more than 17,000 breast-feeding women and babies, 13,889 of whom were tracked until age 6 1/2. Researchers recruited the moms in maternity hospitals and clinics in Belarus. About half of them — those who had already begun breast-feeding — were encouraged to continue breast-feeding exclusively; the control group got no such extra urging.

　　Researchers report that women in the intervention group breast-fed significantly longer than women in the control group: at three months, 73% of the intervention group was breast-feeding, compared with 60% of the control group, and the number of women breast-feeding exclusively was seven times higher. By a year after birth, rates of breast-feeding had dropped across the board; but still, 20% of the intervention group was breast-feeding versus 11% of the controls.

　　In general, about 10% of the children had ever suffered wheezing in their lives, though less than 1.5% had had full-blown asthma. Roughly 3% to 5% had had hay fever, and about 1% had suffered bouts of eczema. Researchers also performed skin-prick tests on the children; again, there was no significant difference between incidence of allergy — to dust mites, cats, pollen, grass and Alternaria, a common fungus — between the groups. In the breast-fed group, about 9% were allergic to pollen and Alternaria, 12% to cats and grass and 15% to dust mites. Absolute rates of all allergies were slightly lower in the control group, but the variations weren‘t statistically relevant.

　　The BMJ study is “to our knowledge.. the largest randomized trial ever done in the area of human lactation,” write the study‘s authors. But it‘s not likely to be the last. Science will continue to debate the discrete pros and cons of breast-feeding, but doctors unanimously agree that breast, in general, is best for babies‘ health, growth and development. Mothers should breast-feed newborns for at least 12 months — and exclusively for at least 6 months — according to American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines.

【Section Two】Vocabulary

　　Limiting or limited to possession, control, or use by a single individual or group

　　extend the duration of.

　　To fend off, to ward off

　　enlist (someone) in the armed forces.

　　The period during pregnancy and shortly after childbirth

　　Action taken to improve a medical disorder.

　　So as to include or affect all classes or categories

　　To maintain contact with (a person) so as to monitor the effects of earlier activities or treatments

　　A set of printed questions, usually with a choice of answers, devised for a survey or statistical study.

　　10. wheeze

　　Breathe with a whistling or rattling sound in the chest, as a result of obstruction in the air passages. (of a device) make an irregular rattling or spluttering sound.

　　Possessing or exhibiting all the usual or necessary features or symptoms

　　12. bout

　　A short period of intense activity.

　　13. eczema

　　A medical condition in which patches of skin become rough and inflamed with blisters which cause itching and bleeding.

　　14. prick

　　Press briefly or puncture with a sharp point.

　　15. mite

　　A minute arachnid with four pairs of legs, several kinds of which are parasitic.

　　16. pollen

　　A powdery substance discharged from the male part of a flower, each microscopic grain containing a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule.

　　Is a genus of ascomycete fungi. Alternaria species are known as major plant pathogens. They are also common allergens in humans, growing indoors and causing hay fever or hypersensitivity reactions that sometimes lead to asthma. They readily cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised people such as AIDS patients.

　　18. fungus

　　Any of a large group of spore-producing organisms which feed on organic matter and include moulds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.

　　A disadvantage of or argument against something.

　　fully in agreement.

　　A branch of medicine dealing with the development, care, and diseases of children

　　The secretion of milk by the mammary glands.

　　An acute allergic reaction to pollen that is usually seasonal and is marked by sneezing, nasal discharge and congestion, and itching and watering of the eyes

【Section Three】Homework

　　1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.

　　When the infants were about 6 1/2 years old, researchers followed up with standard questionnaires about asthma, hay fever and eczema. Rates of each condition were similar in both groups.

　　2. What is the main idear of this Article?

　　3. What is the main reason that the author is confident with the conclusion of the study?

　　4. Which word is the “best” synonym of “recruit” here ?

　　A. recover B. renovate C. refresh D. draft E. enroll

　　5. Which kinds of allergies are described in the article?

　　参考答案：

　　1. 当小婴儿六岁半时，研究员以一致的问卷来追踪哮喘、花粉病和湿疹。两组各项过敏的比例都很接近。

　　2. Although breast-feeding has many advantages, it doesn‘t offer infants much defense against asthma or allergies.

　　3. The conclusion is drawn from the largest randomized trial ever done in the area of human lactation.

　　4. E

　　5. asthma, hay fever and eczema