齐白石英文简介7篇(齐白石英文简介带翻译)

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齐白石英文简介7篇(齐白石英文简介带翻译)

齐白石英文简介1

  齐白石名言汇总

  1、欲立艺者,先立人;学我者生,似我者死;勿道人之短,勿说己之长;人骂之一笑,人誉之一笑。

  2、人欲骂之余勿听也,人欲誉之,余勿喜也。

  3、寿高未死羞为贼,不辞长安作恶饕。

  4、作画先阅古人真迹过多,然后脱前人习气别造画格。乃前人所不为者,虽没齿无人知,自问无愧也。清逸,不慕名利,方可从事于画。见古今之长,摹而肖之能不夸,师法有所短,舍之而不诽,然后再现天地之造化。如此腕底自有鬼神。

  5、不教一日闲过。

  6、妙在似与不似之间。

  7、我绝不画我没见过的东西。

  8、任君无厌千回剥,转觉临风遍体轻。

  9、画中要常有古人之微妙在胸中,不要古人之皮毛在笔端。欲使来者只能摹其皮毛,不能知其微妙也。立足如此,纵无能空前,亦足绝后。学古人,要学到恨古人不见我,不要恨时人不知我耳。

  10、学我者生,似我者死。

  11、不知明天该做什么的'人是不幸的。

  12、善写意者专言其神,工写生者只重其形。要写生而后写意,写意而后复写生,自能神形俱见,非偶然可得也。

  13、我是学习入家,不是摹仿人家,学的是笔墨精神,不管外形像不像。

  14、作画在于似与不似之间。太似为媚俗,不似为欺世。

  15、教学相长。

  16、人不可有傲气,但不可无傲骨。

  17、莫羡牡丹称富贵,却输梨橘有余甘。

  18、每一天醒来都是新的开始;每一天结束,都是“不教一日闲过”的胜利。

  19、欲立艺者,先立人。

  20、男人三十分钟不谈女人。

  21、不求一日难过。

  22、勿道人之短,勿说己之长;人骂之一笑,人誉之一笑。

  23、似者媚俗,不似者欺世,妙在似与不似之间。

  24、抓住时间,不要虚度光阴。

齐白石英文简介2

  齐白石简介

  齐白石(1864年1月1日─1957年9月16日),男,生于湖南长沙府湘潭。原名纯芝,字渭青,号兰亭。后改名璜,字濒生,号白石、白石山翁、老萍、饿叟、借山吟馆主者、寄萍堂上老人、三百石印富翁。是近现代中国绘画大师,世界文化名人。早年曾为木工,后以卖画为生,五十七岁后定居北京。擅画花鸟、虫鱼、山水、人物,笔墨雄浑滋润,色彩浓艳明快,造型简练生动,意境淳厚朴实。所作鱼虾虫蟹,天趣横生。齐白石书工篆隶,取法于秦汉碑版,行书饶古拙之趣,篆刻自成一家,善写诗文。曾任中央美术学院名誉教授、中国美术家协会主席等职。代表作有《蛙声十里出山泉》《墨虾》等。着有《白石诗草》《白石老人自述》等。

  主要代表作品

  花鸟画

  白菜萝卜小鸡牡丹图葡萄杏花图芙蓉鸭子

  丝瓜乌鸦图烛火光明松鹤图折枝花卉卷水牛图荷花图

  和平鸽彩荷图红梅双喜庆祝国庆九秋墨虾

  鱼虾图墨蟹图鱼虾蟹水族墨虾图岁朝图

  人物画

  人物屏之醉翁图人物屏之望福图人物屏之洗耳图人物屏之渔翁图仕女条屏赐桃图

  寿星公铁拐李婴戏图之一 拍球婴戏图之二 玩铜钱挑耳图沁园夫子五十岁小像图

  山水画

  山水图远山松林图万竹山居图红杏烟雨石门二十四景图

  山水六屏图龙山七子借山吟馆山间人家童戏图访旧图云海林屋图

  书法

  行书谢启行书总路线语录行书“甑屋”门 条仿石涛山水册页题记

  篆刻

  涂鸦百不足富少翁翰墨文字三余怀瑜庐海客

  评价

  毕加索:“齐白石真是中国了不起的一位画家!中国画师多神奇呀!齐白石用水墨画的鱼儿没有上色,却使人看到长河与游鱼。

  朗绍君:在吴昌硕之后,齐白石将中国传统书画推进一步,输入新的生命血液。齐白石是全才,齐白石赋予作品以质朴清新的农民情感,赋予文人画形式以新的生命力和现代性。齐白石作为一个孜孜不倦的追求者,在长达一个世纪的奋斗中所显示的创造精神,具有楷模性。

  余秋雨:大地赋予了齐白石至高的艺术成就,而齐白石的性格与“天趣”密切,农民般的朴实,孩童般的天真。齐白石是湖湘文化和京都文化的`结合,自我造化而成大器的。齐白石与湖湘文化有着深厚的渊源。

  王仲:齐白石在艺术上的成功,告诉我们:真理是朴素的,艺术的真谛是平凡而简朴的,后现代主义者们把问题复杂化,不是别有用心就是另有难言之隐。只要根植于人民、根植于健康人性基础上执着的审美理想和信念,有不断遵循艺术规律实践的坚强意志,这是齐白石用自身作为榜样,留给我们21世纪中国艺术家最珍贵的启示。

齐白石英文简介3

齐白石英文简介4

  齐白石说过一句名言:作画妙在似与不似之间,太似为媚俗,不似为欺世。

  此话虽为文言,但很好懂,而且懂了这句话,也就理解了中国写意画的独特魅力。苏轼也说过类似的话,他在一首诗中说到:论画以形似,见与儿童邻。在这两位大艺术家的笔下都传达出了一个意思,那就是中国画不讲究形似。如果画得太像了,那就是俗!俗,可谓是对一个画家或一幅画的最严厉的批评。中国历代文人都是鄙视俗的,所以他们追求高雅、追求风骨,要超凡脱俗。做人如此,写诗如此,作画亦如此。那怎样才能不俗?齐白石的这句话可谓一语中的。“作画妙在似与不似之间”,这样方才不俗。在中国历代的写意画(文人画)中,莫不如此。怎样理解?似与不似之间,也就是既像又不像。文人作画,不是凭空而来,而是取自自然,但又不是完全真实地再现,而是和描绘的对象持续着若即若离的关系,而最终要超越对象。像,是依据;不像,是超越。如何超越?要到达有我之境。王国维说:有我之境,以我观物,故物皆著我之色彩。不像,也就是著我之色彩。画中表现得不是客观的物象,而是画者对物象的理解,是对物象的升华。所以,文人画家笔下的山水、花鸟、人物,不是他们眼中的,而是他们心中的;不是现实的,而是理想的;不是写实的,而是表现的。古代的文人,有很深厚的文化修养,在对艺术的理解和表现上,也是自成

  高格,取得了极高的艺术成就。他们运用笔墨,表现的是对天地万物的一片痴情和敬意,同时也为我们呈现了一片绚烂迷人的艺术境界。

  齐白石的这句话还有另一层意思:如果你画得什么也不是,让人看不懂,那就是欺世。所以,中国画没有抽象的传统。现代的抽象艺术出此刻西方而不是在中国,是有原因的。

  老先生的话真是至理名言。

齐白石英文简介5

  1、作画先阅古人真迹过多,然后脱前人习气别造画格。乃前人所不为者,虽没齿无人知,自问无愧也。清逸,不慕名利,方可从事于画。见古今之长,摹而肖之能不夸,师法有所短,舍之而不诽,然后再现天地之造化。如此腕底自有鬼神。

  2、作画妙在似与不似之间,太似则媚俗,不似则欺世。

  3、人誉之,一笑;人骂之,一笑。

  4、不教一日闲过。

  5、学我者生,似我者死

  6、画中要常有古人之微妙在胸中,不要古人之皮毛在笔端。欲使来者只能摹其皮毛,不能知其微妙也。立足如此,纵无能空前,亦足绝后。学古人,要学到恨古人不见我,不要恨时人不知我耳。

  7、似者媚俗,不似者欺世,妙在似与不似之间。

  8、作画妙在似与不似之间,太似为媚俗,不似为欺世。

  9、善写意者专言其神,工写生者只重其形。要写生而后写意,写意而后复写生,自能神形俱见,非偶然可得也。

  10、胸中富丘壑,腕底有鬼神。

  11、人欲骂之,余勿听也,人欲誉之,余勿喜也。

  12、独不论白菜为蔬之王,何也

  13、不叫一日闲过。

  14、花开天下暖,花落天下寒。

  15、我是学习人家,不是摹仿人家,学的是笔墨精神,不管外形像不像。

  16、任君无厌千回剥,转觉临风遍体轻。

  17、作画是寂寞之道。耐得寂寞,百事可做。

  18、安居花草要商量,可肯移根傍短墙。

  19、一生只愿做闲人。

  20、心静闲看物亦静,芭蕉过雨绿生凉。

  21、心静闲看物亦静,芭蕉过雨绿生凉。

  22、莫羡牡丹称富贵,却输梨橘有余甘。

  23、寿高未死羞为贼,不辞长安作恶饕。

  24、欲立艺者,先立人

  25、我绝不画我没见过的东西。

【相关阅读】

  齐白石的名言有“学我者生,似我者死。”这句名言的字面意思就是学习成功者的成功方法的能够有更好的发展前途,如果仅仅是模仿他们的成功之路,则非但不能成功,反而会陷入泥潭的深渊。这句名言启示大家,不要模仿他人,模仿得到的终究还是他人的东西,最后不仅仅得不到自己想要的,反而还会在模仿的道路上迷失了自我。而学习是汲取成功者的学习方法以及思想价值观,从而对自己有一个调整。这样是找到了一条适合自己学习的道路,方向明确便能够扬帆起航,成就自己的人生。

  齐白石的名言还有“勿道人之短,勿说己之长,人骂之一笑,人赞之一笑。”十分出名,这句名言的字面意思就是不要去随意的说别人的缺点,不要同别人说自己的长处,即使有被人骂,也不要生气,用微笑来回之。即便是有人夸赞,也不能过于兴奋,同样用微笑来回之。

  齐白石的这句名言,看似通俗易懂,却表达出了做人更深一层次的原则。这也是齐白石自己悟出来的人生道理。在成名之后,他的思想境界有了进一步的提升,对待名利和耻辱都有一颗平常的心态,他认为这样才能做好自己,不至于在物质的世界迷失了自我的方向。齐白石的名言同样给人们启示,告诉人们只有把握好做人的原则,才能更好的做自己喜欢的事情。从这能够看出齐白石的名言极具真理性。

  齐白石以前自己评价说:我的诗写的是第一,印排第二,字排第三,画是第四。但是齐白石的画实际上在现代的中国比他的诗更加有名。或许是他的画太有名反而掩盖了齐白石的诗的光彩。齐白石在作诗上面是下过一番苦功的,他从八岁的时候就随着自己的外公入学了,他的外公教他念《千家诗》,他能够将它读的滚瓜烂熟。在他二十七岁的时候遇到了湘潭名士陈少蕃,陈少蕃就告诉他,你去读《唐诗三百首》吧,只要你好好钻研,相信你必须会有成果的,果然在不久之后他们一齐去花园里,齐白石就做出了一首十分不错的诗。齐白石在读懂了《唐诗三百首》之后,又读了《聊斋志异》等书,还继续研读了一些古文,极大的提高了他的文学素养水平,开阔了他的视野,这些为他之后写诗打下了坚实的基础。齐白石的诗,一般不会过分追求韵律之类的,他的诗都是随心而写,并且写的也很工整,他的很多朋友都是为了科举而作诗的,写出来的诗呆板,没有灵性,这是齐白石很不推崇的,他很喜欢将自己的情绪放到诗里面,赋予诗不一样的活力。

  齐白石的诗是他人生的一大亮点,明白他的人都明白诗和画是他一辈子最珍重的东西,两者放在一齐,才能让他的作品更加饱满。

  据他的《白石老人自述》里面曾写道:齐白石的画的第一幅人物画,是在8岁时候在门上画的一幅雷公像。而齐白石第一次画对现实中的人物进行描画,是他在读村馆的时候,那时候在池塘边常常能看到一个钓鱼老翁。16岁的时候,齐白石拜在了同乡的周之美处,潜心学习雕花木工的手艺,在齐白石20岁的时候,他写出《芥子园画谱》,到26岁时候,齐白石同萧芗陔一齐学习民间肖像画作,次年齐白石拜胡沁园为师傅,跟在其身后学习。再之后齐白石37岁时候,齐白石有机会又拜入了王湘绮的门下,也是在王湘绮么下学习的这期间,齐白石有幸见识到了不少名家作品,眼界大开,为之后打下基础。

  齐白石人物画的早期的题材多以佛教传奇人物和古代的秀丽女子为素材,当时其绘画风格与清代人物画家的笔法、特征和造形等都十分相近,多为工细一路,偶尔兼工带写。之后,齐白石人物画作也受到了金农的影响,有很多画作的提款都是典型的“金农”。

  齐白石中晚年后,喜欢凭借个人印象来描绘相关人物,笔触虽简单,但颇有神韵意趣,人物的形象也十分简单,却不失内涵,个性是一些自写性质类的.人物画更是稚拙而又纯朴、凝练而又富有平和。

  他的每一个人物画像都反映出了自已生活中的真实感受,他将八大、石涛等人的画风融合为一体,意趣横生、用笔减省,且不乏善良、睿智、幽默、朴素。齐白石的一生都坚持着“写意”与“传心”,而不是“写象”与“传物”。

  书画大家齐白石是个怎样的人

  首先,齐白石是个甘于寂寞,不慕名利的人,要想成为一代书画大家,就要有能刻苦,甘愿忍受寂寞的精神,齐白石自从开始学习绘画一来,几十年间都默默无闻,坚持努力,直到六十多岁依然只能靠卖画刻字为生,但是他从来没有放弃过他的艺术信仰,从来都是孜孜以求,追求艺术上的更高境界,即便是生活艰难,也毫不动摇,更不哗众取宠,这个沉得下来的心境才造就了他艺术上的辉煌成就。

  其次,齐白石是一个坚定果断、忠于信念的人,他原本是木匠出身,直到二十七岁才开始正式拜师学画,只是凭着一空热血和对艺术的孜孜不倦的追求,他刻苦钻研,勤奋认真,最后成为一代大家,这种精神是十分值得后人学习的。

  齐白石还是个热爱生活、热爱家乡的人。他将家乡农村习以为常的蔬菜瓜果、昆虫鸟兽都当做他艺术创作的主角,在人们不注意不起眼的东西上下功夫,将它们活灵活现地展示出来,创造了独特的艺术风格,丰富了中国画坛的类型。

  最后齐白石还是个拥有真性情,用心扶持后辈的人。晚年的齐白石不喜应酬,却对他欣赏的女性交往密切,还因此造成别人的误解,他认为对秀丽女性的欣赏是不用掩饰的,而且他还收了很多女弟子,培养人才,传承艺术。

  如果非要给齐白石按个定位的话,他肯定是个老人家,毕竟人家80多岁的高龄还在琢磨着新画法并且有所成。当然这只是个冷笑话。齐白石是什么学家呢?齐白石老先生是我国著名的画家,也是十大书法家之一,更是世界十大文化名人之一。

  所以世人给他的称号是画家和书法家。这画家能够理解,毕竟齐白石画作一堆一堆的,到晚年的画作更是珍品,每一副都能在拍卖会上拍出高价,并且是受全世界的喜爱。这可真的不容易,再来看看老先生画的东西,基本都是大自然里的生物。大自然就是我们所生活的环境,并没有什么文化代沟,而老先生的画作传递出来的也是热爱生活的情感,如此看来受全世界的喜欢也是就应的。再加上老先生活到老学到老,晚年的画法更是让人崇拜,所以他担得起中国国画大画家的名声。

  至于这书法家嘛,中国国画有留白一说,有的时候作者本人还很有情调的会在上面题字。齐白石本人对画作的要求高,怎样会让这字毁了一幅画呢?再说这字本身就是画的一部分,所以说这齐白石的书法技术高是完全可信的。

齐白石英文简介6

  Qi Baishi (January 1, 1864 - September 16, 1957), native of Anhui Province, Dangshan, was born in Changsha, Hunan Xiangtan (now Hunan Xiangtan).

  Formerly known as pure Chi, the word Wei, No. Lanting. After renamed Juan, the word end of life, No. Whitehead, Whitehead Hill Weng, old Ping, hungry old man, by the mountain Yin Museum Lord, send Ping Tong old man, three hundred stone inscriptions.

  Is a modern Chinese painting master, world cultural celebrity. Early years for the carpentry, after the painting for a living, after the age of fifty-five settled in Beijing. Good at flowers and birds, insect fish, landscapes, figures, ink vigorous moisturizing, bright colors bright and bright, simple and vivid shape, the mood is simple and honest. Made fish and shrimp insect crab, days interesting.

  Qi Baishi book seal, take the seal in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the book Rao ancient Zhuo of interest, seal a self, a good writing poetry. Former honorary professor of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, chairman of the Chinese Artists Association and other staff. Representative of the “frog ten miles out of the spring” “shrimp” and so on. Author of “Whitehead poetry grass” “White stone old man read” and so on.

齐白石英文简介7

  January 1, 1864 (lunar calendar year in 1863 winter twenty-two days), Qi Baishi was born in Changsha, Hunan Xiang Xiangtan white stone shop apricot dock star dish pond. Name pure Chi, the word Wei Qing, and word Lanting. 27-year-old renamed Juan, word frequency students, alias white stone mountain people, and also send garden.

  In 1870, from the grandfather Zhou Yu if reading, commonly used books, books thin paper painting.

  In 1878, thanks to the United States as a teacher to learn carved carpenter. Do carpentry, to the residual “mustard garden” as a teacher, learning flowers and birds, figure painting.

  In 1888, thanks to folk artists Xiao Xiang 陔 portrait for the teacher painting.

  In 1889, thanks to Hu Patio, Chen Shao Fan as a teacher poetry, was Hu Qinyuan help, from the woodworker life, study painting, portrait for the family.

  In 1894, and Wang Zhongyan and other seven knot “Longshan Poetry Society”, was elected president. And after Li Songan Temple and other knot “Luoshan Poetry Society”, together with poetry, painting, carved stone.

  In 1899, thanks to Xiangtan celebrities Wang Kaiyun as a teacher to learn poetry. With the first annual publication of the printed map “send garden printed”, printing Ding Jing, Huang Yi, sophisticated rules, can be true.

  In 1900, living in the lotus peak under the Mei Gongci, claiming to “Bai Mei book house”, and in the hospital built a small house, the name “by the mountain museum.” Committed to painting, poetry.

  In 1902, at the invitation of Xia Yi Yi, went to Xi'an to teach. In Xi'an to get to know Fan Fan Shan, do the view of the possession of eight mountains, Jinnong and other famous painting and calligraphy. Is the year, the flowers and birds of a unique style, embarked on a freehand painting path.

  In 1903, from Xi'an to Beijing, met Zeng Xi, Li Ruquan, etc., during the summer afternoon Yi Yi proposed to the Empress Dowager Cixi recommended Qi Baishi to do the inner court, Summer, from Beijing to Shanghai, back to Hunan, this is the “five out of five” for the first time travel.

  In 1904, with Wang Kaiyun went to Jiangxi, travel Lushan, Nanchang and other places, published “white stone grass clothing character carved”, Wang Kaiyun for its order.

  In 1905, went to Guangxi, tour Guilin. And Cai E, Huang Xing acquaintance.

  In 1906, after the Spring Festival, Wuzhou by the Guangzhou to Qinzhou, Guo Baosheng left its teaching. Enjoy the possession of Guo Xu Wei, eight, Jinnong famous authentic. Work with paintings, during which often Guo Dai pen. Autumn, back to Xiangtan, to teach painting salary to buy the old house and dozens of acres of paddy fields.

  1907, the spring and summer of the turn, then go to Qinzhou, tour Zhaoqing, Duanxi. Winter, back to Xiangtan.

  In 1908, spring went to Guangzhou. Is the year, only to live back to Xiangtan a few days, the rest of the time spent in Guangzhou.

  In 1909, after the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, after Qinzhou. Early summer to Shanghai, to sell paintings for a living. Between summer and autumn, travel Suzhou. To visit Nanjing Li Meiyan, for its governance tripartite. October return to Xiangtan, thus ending the “five out of five” travel far life. Then in the home repair “send Ping Church”, began 8 years of mountain life, painstakingly painted poetry. On the eight mountain people, stone Tao flowers and more paintings, the brush more concise, but the grass insects sketch, more work, or to write out of the free. Calligraphy learn gold farmers, get their marrow.

  In 1917, to avoid the bandits to Beijing. Is to catch up with “Zhang Xun restoration”, rush to Tianjin asylum. The situation is slightly scheduled, return to Beijing, in the glass factory south of the paper shop hanging Runge painting. Period and old friends Fan Fan Shan, Xia Wu Yi, Guo Baosheng and other contacts very close. And meet Chen Shizeng, Yao Mang father, Chen and so on. Which has been set with Chen Shi, Qi Bai Shi had a great impact on old age. Is the winter, leaving Beijing to return to Hunan, rural one year.

  In 1919, married with Hu Baozhu, from Beijing.

  In 1923, Chen Shi had died in Nanjing, several times poems mourning friends. 1925, spring, serious illness, personnel do not know seven days and nights. Waiting for more than a month, stop painting, engraved. Mei Lanfang officially apprenticeship painting.

  In 1926, the mother and father died one after another. Twice to stop painting, engraved.

  In 1927, at the invitation of Lin Fengmian, taught at the Beijing Art College.

  1928, the printing of “white stone poetry grass” “by the mountain museum poetry grass” (handwritten copy)

  1933, printed “white stone poetry grass” (eight volumes of printed)

  1936, travel Sichuan. In the Chuan know Huang Binhong.

  In 1937, listen to Changsha Shu Yi on the fortune-telling said, with the deceived, since the 77-year-old. In July, Peiping fall, feeling grievous, easy to see customers.

  In 1940, the lunar month, his wife died in Chen Junchun, wrote “Lady Chen” text. To resist the Japanese and traitors harassment cable painting, posted “painting does not sell and official home” confession, declined to see customers.

  In 1944 January, following the room Hu Baozhu died. In June, refused to Peiping Art assigned to coal.

  In 1946, the end of the war, complex and then in the glass factory hanging Runge, restore the sale of engraving. In October, go to Nanjing, Shanghai to do the exhibition, more than 200 paintings all sold, bring back a bundle of “French”, as waste paper, actually can not buy 10 bags of flour.

  In January 1949, Beiping liberated. To attend the premier reception of Chou Enlai. For Mao Zedong carved stone two sides. As honorary professor of the Central Academy of Fine Arts.

  In 1950, he was hired as a librarian. In April, had dinner with Mao Zedong, Zhu De to accompany. In October, the 82-year-old made the “eagle” and seal book couplet “sea for the dragon world, the cloud is the crane home” presented Mao Zedong. To participate in the Beijing “anti-Korean aid painting and calligraphy exhibition”. Winter, for the “People's Daily” painting “peace dove” In February 1951, more than 10 paintings to participate in Shenyang City, “the Korean War Painting and Calligraphy Exhibition”.

  In 1952, with three days, for the Beijing Asia-Pacific Regional Peace Conference to create a huge two “white and peace dove.” In the same year, many works entitled “Peace Victory” and “Peaceful Long Live”.

  January 7, 1953, Beijing cultural and art circles more than 200 people to participate in “Qi Baishi 90 birthday celebration”, the Ministry of Culture awarded Qi Baishi outstanding people artist title. Zhou Enlai attended the evening celebration banquet. Served as chairman of the Beijing Chinese Painting Research Association in October, was elected chairman of the first Chinese Artists Association Council.

  April 28, 1954, the Chinese Artists Association in the Palace Museum held “Qi Baishi painting exhibition” in August, was elected to the National People's Congress. September 15, attended the first National People's Congress.

  June 1955, and Chen Min Ding, He Xiangning and other 14 painters for the World Peace Assembly cooperation huge “peace”

  April 27, 1956, the World Peace Council announced the grant of Qi Baishi International Peace Prize, September 1, held a grand ceremony in Beijing. Premier Zhou Enlai personally congratulated.

  May 15, 1957, served as honorary president of Beijing Chinese Painting Academy. 5 - June, for the last piece of work “Peony”. September 16, died at the Beijing hospital. September 22 morning in Jiaxing Temple held a public offering, Premier Zhou Enlai and other central leaders participated in the public offering.

  In 1963, Qi Baishi was selected as one of the world's top ten cultural celebrities. (Note: the network confirmed that the world's top ten cultural celebrities and no Qi Baishi, the world's top ten cultural celebrities: Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Copernicus, Newton, Darwin, Bacon, Aquinas, Voltaire, Kant.)

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