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It is now established that the Milky Way is far more extended and of much greater mass than was hitherto thought.
However, all that is visible of the constituents of the Milky Way's corona (outer edge), where much of the galaxy's mass must be located, is a tiny fraction of the corona's mass.
Thus, most of the Milky Way's outlying matter must be dark.
Why? Three facts are salient. First, dwarf galaxies and globular clusters, into which most of the stars of the
Milky Way's corona are probably bound, consist mainly of old stars.
Second, old stars are not highly luminous.
Third, no one has detected in the corona the clouds of gaseous matter such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide that are characteristic of the bright parts of a galaxy.
10. The passage as a whole is primarily concerned with
(A) analyzing a current debate
(B) criticizing a well-established theory
(C) showing how new facts support a previously dismissed hypothesis
(D) stating a conclusion and adducing evidence that may justify it
(E) contrasting two types of phenomena and showing how they are related
11. Select the sentence that the author implicitly indicates what astronomers believed about the Milky Way until fairly recently.
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Stray dogs in Chile——Spray as you go
智利的流浪犬：想去哪就去哪
The state orders a sterilization of stray mutts
国家下令给流浪犬们杀菌
IT IS one of the first things that visitors to Santiago, the Chilean capital, ask: “Why are there so many dogs everywhere?” Patricia Cocas, founder of ProAnimal Chile, an animal-rights group, reckons that some 180,000 stray hounds wander the city of six million people; a further 80,000 are let out by their owners to roam as they please. The area around the presidential palace is a favored hangout. Most mutts are harmless enough—Chile is free of rabies, which helps explain why they are tolerated. But some attack passers-by or chase cars down Santiago's main thoroughfare, the Alameda, occasionally ripping tires with their teeth.
游客们去智利首都圣地亚哥旅行时，最初会打听的问题之一是：“为什么这儿到处都是狗呢?”智利的动物权利小组专业动物组织发起人Patricia Cocas估计大约十八万只流浪犬逡巡于六百万城市人口之间;有超过八万只流浪犬被它们的主人遗弃，任它们流浪。总统府附近地区就是他们最喜欢闲逛的位子。大部分流浪狗对人无害—智利没有狂犬病。这也就是流浪犬被容忍的原因。但是一些流浪犬攻击行人或者在圣地亚哥的主干道——林荫大道上追逐车辆，它们有时会用牙齿撕咬轮胎。
The government is now taking action. In her state-of-the-union speech last month, President Michelle Bachelet announced a national sterilization programme for stray dogs (the details are still to be fleshed out). A bill on responsible pet ownership is due to come before ConGREss this month. It envisages tougher penalties for those who abuse or abandon their pets, and the establishment of a register of dangerous dogs.
政府现在正在采取措施应对。在上个月总统米歇尔?巴切莱特的国情咨文演说中声明了一项针对流浪狗的国家除菌项目(细节还在补充当中)。这个月一份针对宠物所有权的法案将被交付国会。它预期针对那些虐待或遗弃宠物的人实施更重的惩罚，并且建立一家危险流浪狗管理处。
Ms. Bachelet is trying to make the pooches political, weaving them into a broader narrative about inequality. Chile's cities need affordable veterinary centers where pets can be vaccinated and sterilized, she said in her speech. “In our country wealthy people can do that, but people without money have no way of caring for their pets.” But she insists there will be no cull of strays. For now, the mongrels on the lawns outside the palace where she works can sleep in peace.
巴切莱特正试图将处理流浪狗问题正式化，将它们同一个更宽泛意义上的不平等陈述结合到遗弃。她在演说中说智利的各个城市需要建立可支付得起的收益中心，在那儿宠物们可以接种疫苗以及除菌。“我们国家富人们可以实施那项行动但是穷人们就无法照看他们的宠物。”但是她坚持否定屠杀流浪狗。至少现在，总统府外，她散步的草坪上的流浪狗们能安闲地睡觉。
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Undercover on a Segway—Tourists beware
摄位车上进行的“秘密活动”：游客们当心
A report from the seamy underworld of unlicensed tour guides
关于无证导游这个阴暗地下世界的报道
A TERRIBLE threat stalks the streets of Washington, DC: unlicensed tour guides. These brazen lawbreakers imperil the public by showing them around the nation's capital without a permit. Your correspondent went undercover to observe at first hand the dangers tourists face in their clutches. It was harrowing. First, your correspondent had to balance on a Segway, a two-wheeled vehicle from which she could have fallen several inches to the cold, hard pavement. “Just try to relax,” purred Bill Main, the outlaw guide, “It's easy.” With white knuckles and a pink helmet, the tour began.
华盛顿特区大街上正蔓延着一个可怕的威胁：无证导游。这些无耻的违法者扰乱公共秩序，在没有许可的情况下带领游客们参观这个国家的首都。记者亲历地下世界去观察第一手游客们关键时刻面临的危险。这让人很恐惧。首先，记者必须在摄位车上保持平衡，这种两轮电动车有让她从任何一边摔向冰冷坚硬的人行道上的可能性。“别担心，”违法导游Bill Main发出喉音说道，“很简单的。”在兴奋、紧张中带着一个粉色的头盔，这趟行程开始了。
Mr. Main never took the exam to become a tour guide, so your correspondent braced herself to hear a torrent of errors. Would he claim that the White House was once destroyed by aliens, as in the film “Independence Day”? No. Actually, he was pretty good. Yet he could be jailed for 90 days if caught. Washington requires all guides to pay $200 and take an exam. That adds up: Segs in the City, the firm Mr. Main runs with his wife, Tonia Edwards, employs a dozen guides.
Main从未参加过成为导游的考试，因此记者准备好了听到一大串错误信息。他会说白宫曾被外星人摧毁过一次么，就像电影“独立日”中的场景那样?不会，事实上，他很好。然而如果他被抓到了会被判监禁90天。华盛顿要求所有导游付费200刀然后参加考试。还要加上：Main和太太Tonia Edwards运营的公司城市摄位车公司雇佣的大批导游。
The permit system protects incumbents, raises prices and kills jobs. Mr. Main also believes that it violates his right to free speech. Robert McNamara of the Institute for Justice, a libertarian law firm, aGREes. “The government cannot restrict speech unless there is evidence the speech is causing harm,” he explains. Tour guide patter hardly qualifies. Mr. McNamara helped Segs in the City file a lawsuit against the city government in 2010. The city won; Mr. Main's appeal reached a DC federal court on May 5th. The city defends the license as an essential safeguard for consumers.
许可系统保护了在职者们，提高了价格，削减了岗位Main也相信系统侵犯了他的言语自由权。自由论法律公司——司法研究所的Robert McNamara同意他的话。“政府不能限制Main的言语除非有证据说他造成了伤害，”他说道。导游的话很难界定资格。McNamara在2010年帮助城市摄位车旅游公司起诉了市政府。但是政府胜诉了;Main在5月5号上诉到特区联邦法庭。市政府辩护到证书是为消费者设置的必要护卫。
In the 1950s only one American worker in 20 needed a permit from the government; today that figure is around one in three. Some jobs, such as doctors, clearly need strict controls. But some states require licenses for florists and interior designers. Such permits tend to cost hundreds of dollars and months of extra training, yet offer little benefit to consumers, says Morris Kleiner, an economist at the University of Minnesota. Sometimes customers, like undercover tourists, can look after themselves.
20世纪50年代政府平均20人中之批准了一位美国工人成为导游;今天数据到了大约三个过一个。一些工作，比如说医生，明确需要严格控制。但是一些州要求花匠和室内设计者考取证书。这种许可证需要花费数百美元和长达数月的额外培训，然而这对消费者来说受益甚微，明尼苏达大学的经济学家Morris Kleiner说。一些客户，比如“从事间谍活动的”旅游者们，能照看好他们自己。
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