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托福独立写作怎样把握展开思路1
一、可以先表明自己的立场，再阐述原因
Businesses are as likely as are governments to establish large bureaucracies， but bureaucracy is far more damaging to a business than it is to a government.
Contrary to the statement’s premise， my view is that businesses are less likely than government to establish large bureaucracies， because businesses know that they are more vulnerable than government to damage resulting from bureaucratic inefficiencies. My position is well supported by common sense and by observation.
二、比较新颖、有创意的开头
“As technologies and the demand for certain services change， many workers will lose their jobs. The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual worker， not to government or to business.
As a saying goes， “God helps those help themselves”， which is true in most cases. But as far as the large numbers of laid-off workers caused by the technological and market changes are concerned， I believe the government and the business certainly have an unshakable responsibility to take.
三、可以适当的复述一下题目，然后稍作让步，再表达自己的观点和立场
“Work greatly influences people’s personal lives—their special interests， their leisure activities， even their appearance way from the work place.”
The speaker claims that our jobs greatly influence our personal interests， recreational activities and even appearance. While I agree that the personal lives of some people are largely determined by their work， in my view it would be a mistake to draw this conclusion generally. In my observation， the extent to which occupation influences personal life depends on the nature of the work， and how central the work is to one’s sense of self.
“We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us.”
I believe this statement should be interpreted broadly—to mean that we are influenced by the exterior shape of buildings， as well as by the arrangement of multiple buildings and by a building’s various architectural and aesthetic elements. While I doubt that buildings determine our character or basic personality traits， I agree that they can greatly influence our attitudes， moods， and even life styles.
四、新托福写作可以以提问方式开头，阐述自己的观点，再表明自己的立场
“As technologies and the demand for certain services change， many workers will lose their jobs. The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual worker， not to government or to business.”
As technology and changing social needs render more and more jobs obsolete， who is responsible for helping displaced workers adjustWhile individuals have primary responsibility for learning new skills and finding work， both industry and government have some obligation to provide them the means of doing so.
托福独立写作怎样把握展开思路2
1、托福写作比较对象的对等
在比较结构中，注意前后比较事物要对等。常用that和those来指代“比较结构”里先前提到的名词。
比如：The merits of serious movies far outweigh funny movies.
应改为：The merits of serious movies far outweigh those of funny movies.(those指代的是前半句的比较对象merits)
2、托福写作句子不完整
不完整句子指的是句子当中缺少主语或谓语等，无法形成一个完整的句子。
比如：A movie that inspires deep emotions.(只有名词加定语从句，不是完整的句子)
应改为：She went to see “The Silver Star”, a movie that inspires deep emotions.
3、托福写作句子不间断
不间断句子指的是用逗号来连接两个完整的句子。
比如：There is increasingly widespread reliance on electronic mail, some people still resist using it, especially those who prefer handwritten letters.
应改为：Although there is increasingly widespread reliance on electronic mail, some people still resist using it, especially those who prefer handwritten letters.(根据两句之间的关系，加入连词)
4、托福写作句子主谓不一致
主谓不一致指的是句子中主语与谓语没有保持数的一致。
比如：Many students thinks tomorrow is a holiday.
应改为：Many students think tomorrow is a holiday.
再比如：The use of cell phones during concerts are not allowed.
应改为：The use of cell phones during concerts is not allowed.
5、托福写作可数名词完整
可数名词“裸奔”指的是可数名词之前没有冠词，也没有变为复数形式。
比如：Even expert or scholar specializing in a certain field might cover a vast spectrum of knowledge in order to succeed.
应改为：Even experts or scholars specializing in a certain field might cover a vast spectrum of knowledge in order to succeed.(可数名词变复数形式)
6、托福写作but和however用法
But和however都表示转折，但是but是连词，而however是副词，也就是说however是不能来连接两个独立分句的。
比如：Printed books are limited in space, however, space is not an issue for electronic ones.
应改为：Printed books are limited in space. However, space is not an issue for electronic ones. (用句号将原句分成两个独立分句)
托福独立写作怎样把握展开思路3
“there be句型”变为被动语态
试比较
1. She used to be indifferent to the outside world, but an interloper changed her.
2. Her indifference to the outside world was changed by and interloper.
把but后面的句子改为短小插入语
试比较
1. Driven by an interest in words, Claire kept trying poetry, novelsand literature analyses, but she hardly succeeded in any of these endeavors at the very beginning.
2. Driven by an interest in words, Claire kept trying poetry, novels and literature analyses—all with little initial success.
把but后面部分改为更紧凑的从句
试比较
1. It was meant to be a brief parting, but it turned into a long, lingering one.
2. What was meant to be a brief parting turned into a long, lingering one.
第二句读起来更加集中、紧凑，并且去掉了"It was, but it…”等鸡肋部分。
积累一些可能替换but的连接词
e.g. however/nonetheless/nevertheless/yet/whereas/while...
试比较
1. Once arriving home, she starts to review all the notes, not necessarily because the teacher requires her to do so,but because she encourages herself to study hard.
2. Once arriving home,she starts to review all the notes, as much from the requirement of the teacher,as from herself-encouragement.
总结
对于but这一最为常见的转折，我们可以从“是否可以直接去掉?是否可以改为插入语等句子成分?是否可以改为更为紧凑的从句?是否有其他替换表达?”这个方面进行思考。
但应该指出，应该建立在“自己有把握判断原句与改进后句子的风格与质量”的基础上进行。有时候，不一定改的就比原句更好，短的不一定就更简洁。
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